Introduction. The relevance of the study of theoretical and methodological problems of capital dynamics and the factors that determine it is due to the permanent existence of imbalances and problems in the field of investment in Russian economy. Theoretical analysis. Capital is one of the main factors of production and economic development that determine the level of labor productivity, innovation and social progress of society, and acts not only as a tool for production, but also as a source of income and well-being for society as a whole. This is not only accumulated material and financial resources that are used to produce goods and services in order to make profit or income, but also self-reproducing value that has the potential for capitalization, contributing to the increase in value, the generation of positive effects. Empirical analysis. Key determinants that formed current trends are identified, and an analysis of the impact of institutional factors, monetary policy, foreign investment, and the volume of money on the dynamics of capital is carried out. Conclusion. The article presents recommendations on the need to revise government regulation measures and develop mechanisms for transforming savings into investments, as well as the formation of a diversified policy that will change the existing capital structure and achieve its positive dynamics necessary to ensure further growth and development of the Russian economy.