The article describes the evolution of patterns of economic development of Russia and its key strategic resource. Solved imbalances and contradictions that have emerged in the context of export of raw materials specifics of the Russian economy in different historical periods and a major limitation for purposes of determining the perspective of economic development and ways to achieve them. Outlines the main directions of the emerging new model of post-crisis development of the domestic economy and the role of technological resources to provide modern sustainable economic growth.