Introduction. The question about property is the main question of the economic theory. The relations of property characterize a social and economic system of the country. The change of these relations demonstrates the changes in the way of production, in the essence of the new industrialization of the Russian economy. Theoretical analysis. In the article the influence of changes in the property relations on the formation of innovative economy and on the formation of the fundamentals of neoindustrial economy is investigated, their differences are shown; the stages of movement of the capitalist formation and corresponding changes in the relations of property and substantial structure of economy are allocated. Discussion of results. The result of the research of the selected problem was the definition of the concept «neoindustrial economy», the justification of the priority of the state ownership in the presence of variety of forms of its implementation in the development of the process of neoindustrialization, the importance of the establishment of the coordinated interaction of the interests of the state, corporations and the population for the implementation of innovative changes in the country.