Introduction. The implementation of the updated political course aimed at ensuring technological leadership requires comprehensive legal determination and creation of a balanced regulatory framework. Theoretical аnalysis. The significance of legal instruments was verified within the systemic paradigm of technological policy implementation mechanisms, which resulted in establishing their functional role in the structure of state mechanisms for achieving technological leadership. Empirical аnalysis. The analytical review of the current state of legal regulation of technological policy in the Russian Federation was conducted, characterizing the normative legal mechanisms differentiated into two interrelated directions: public law and private law. Results. The problems of legal regulation were summarized: fragmentation of the regulatory framework, its inconsistency with modern economic conditions, challenges in implementing mechanisms of technological sovereignty, outdated intellectual property protection mechanisms, gaps in regulating new technologies, and insufficient flexibility of legal instruments. The conclusion was drawn about the need for a systemic approach to improving legislation to ensure technological leadership, taking into account the interconnection of public and private legal instruments, which will create a sustainable legal foundation for achieving the strategic goals of technological policy.