Introduction. Depending on the functional purpose of the activities of the state authorities of the Russian Federation, it is possible to identify the system-forming institutions for the protection of the rights of military personnel of the Russian Federation participating in the Special Military Operation. The special feature of the activities of the public authorities in this area is their close cooperation in the implementation of common tasks, as well as the need to form a regulatory framework that meets the objectives of protecting Russia’s state sovereignty and ensuring the special legal status of military personnel in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to summarize the practice of the state authorities of the Russian Federation in protection of the rights of military personnel in the Special Military Operation, as well as to formulate proposals for improving legislation in the field of public relations under consideration. Theoretical analysis. To date, there are no comprehensive scientific studies on the protection of individuals involved in special military operations. Research conducted by scientists focuses on specific issues related to the protection of the rights of Russian military personnel involved in the Special Military Operation. The author proposes a systematization of measures for state support of military personnel who are carrying out tasks in special conditions. Empirical analysis. The analysis of the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation indicates the need to improve the status of a serviceman in Russia participating in the Special Military Operation. The activities of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation and the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation contributed to the formation of the regulatory framework that meets the needs of ensuring the status of Russian military personnel participating in the Special Military Operation. Results. The conducted research allows us to formulate a conclusion that there is a need to continue improving legislation in the field of ensuring the special legal status of a serviceman of the Russian Federation. Amendments to the basic federal laws (“On mobilization training and mobilization in the Russian Federation”, “On military duty and military service”, “On the status of military personnel”) regulating the status of military personnel in the Russian Federation will contribute to the formation of the system of compensatory support for the special subjects of law involved in hostilities, protecting the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and integrity.